Grundlæggende viden om jernbaner: Jernbanetransport

Jernbanetransport er en landbaseret transportform, hvor lokomotiver trækker tog langs to parallelle skinner. Imidlertid, i bredere forstand, jernbane transport omfatter også ikke-hjul-på-skinne metoder såsom maglev-tog, svævebaner, og rebbaner, eller det man kalder sportransport. Jernbanekøretøjer er dem, der trækkes af lokomotiver på jernbaner.

1.Typer:

Jernbanekøretøjer kan klassificeres i tre hovedkategorier baseret på deres formål: jernbane personvogne, jernbanegodsvogne, og jernbanekøretøjer til specialformål. Personbiler bruges til at transportere passagerer og levere tjenester til dem, såsom siddepladser biler, sovevogne, spisevogne, og bagagebiler; godsvogne bruges til at transportere varer, såsom åbne biler, kassevogne, flade biler, tankbiler, og isolerede biler; jernbanevirksomheder bruger specialkøretøjer til deres forretningsformål, såsom vejning af biler, snerydningsbiler, og testbiler.

1.1 Godsvogne kan yderligere klassificeres i almindelige biler og specialbiler baseret på de mange forskellige varer, de kan transportere. Biler med åben top, kassevogne, flade biler, tankbiler, og isolerede biler, der kan opfylde transportkravene for forskellige varer, kaldes almindelige biler; mens dem, der kun er egnede til at transportere en eller få typer lignende varer, såsom hopperbiler, cementbiler, lange og store varebiler, container fladvogne, og højtrykstankbiler, kaldes specialbiler.

1.2 Almindelige biler har færre tomme løbstab, men udnyttelsesgraden af ​​deres effektive lasteevne varierer med varerne og er nogle gange lav. De har også forskellig tilpasningsevne til forskelligt læsse- og losseudstyr. Specialiserede biler har en højere sats for tomme biler, but their parameters can be selected based on the characteristics of specific goods, thus achieving higher utilization rates of load capacity and volume. Their structures can be matched with selected loading and unloading equipment, thereby shortening loading and unloading operation time and accelerating vehicle turnover.

Railway vehicles can also be classified by gauge into standard gauge cars, broad gauge cars, and narrow gauge cars; and by ownership into railway-owned cars and factory and mine-owned cars, osv.

2. Development overview: Early railway vehicles were all two-axle, with simple equipment.

Passenger cars first developed into multi-axle ones, with three-axle, four-axle, and six-axle passenger cars appearing. Blandt dem, four-axle bogie-type passenger cars have better running quality and curve passing performance, bliver dermed den grundlæggende form for personbiler.

Med udviklingen af ​​lette materialer, vægten af ​​karosserier er blevet kraftigt reduceret, og nogle leddelte køretøjer er dukket op. De tilstødende ender af to tilstødende bilsektioner er placeret på en to-akslet bogie, mens de ikke-leddede ender bruger to-akslet el enkeltakslede bogier. Sådanne køretøjer bruges ofte i flere enheder.

Moderne personbiler, for at forbedre passagerernes sikkerhed og komfort, anvender for det meste helmetal integrerede lastbærende bilkarosserier, samt selvstændig varmtvands- eller elvarme, tvungen ventilation, elektrisk belysning, aircondition, varmt vand, og kølet drikkevandsudstyr. Nogle lande’ jernbanerne fokuserer nu på at øge toghastigheden. F.eks, the maximum operating speed of Japan’s Shinkansen express passenger trains has reached 300 kilometer i timen, and that of France’s express passenger trains between Paris and Lyon has reached 260 kilometer i timen. Such high speeds have put forward higher requirements for the strength, dynamic performance, and operational reliability of passenger cars.

3.The development of bulk cargo transportation requires a continuous increase in freight car load capacity. Til dette formål, two measures have been taken.

3.1 One is to increase the maximum allowable aksel load of freight cars in conjunction with the adoption of heavy-duty rails, thereby increasing the load capacity of freight cars while maintaining the original number of axles. F.eks, the load capacity of four-axle freight cars on American railways has gradually increased from about 30 tons to 45 tons, 63 tons, og 90.7 tons (corresponding to axle loads of 11.7, 16.1, 25.0, og 29.8 tons), og et par køretøjer er nået frem 113 tons (akseltryk på 35.7 tons).

3.2 Den anden er at øge antallet af aksler, hvorved godsvognenes lasteevne øges, samtidig med at det oprindelige tilladte akseltryk bibeholdes. F.eks, lastekapaciteten af ​​otte-akslede tankvogne og åbne vogne på sovjetiske jernbaner har nået 120 tons og 125 tons (maksimalt tilladte akseltryk på 23.25 tons), henholdsvis.

3.3 Lange og store godsvogne, der bruges til transport af specialgods, kan have op til 32 aksler og en bæreevne på op til 500 tons. På nuværende tidspunkt, bortset fra et betydeligt antal to-akslede godsvogne med en lasteevne på 18 til 40 tons stadig i brug i europæiske lande, godsvognene i andre lande’ jernbaner er hovedsageligt fire-akslede, med en bæreevne på ca 60 til 70 tons. Mange lande har helt udfaset to-akslede biler.

The continuous increase in train weight not only requires vehicles to have sufficient strength but also demands the use of high-strength couplers, large-capacity buffers, and highly sensitive and reliable train braking systems. Many unit trains transporting coal or ore adopt rotary couplers in their coupler and buffer systems to enhance the unloading efficiency of the tipplers.

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China’s passenger and freight vehicles were mainly imported, with complex types, simple equipment, and small load capacity. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China began to design and manufacture its vehicles.

Fra 1949 til 1983, the number of passenger cars in the country increased from about 4,000 to about 18,700, and the number of freight cars increased from about 46,000 to about 285,000, growing by 3.7 times and 5.1 gange, henholdsvis. New passenger cars adopted all-steel welded structures, with improved construction speeds and enhanced ride smoothness and comfort.

Two-axle freight cars were phased out. The average rated load capacity of freight cars increased from 26.6 tons in 1949 til 52.7 tons in 1983.

4. Struktur: Vehicles are generally composed of five parts: the body, running gear, coupler and buffer device, bremsesystem, and vehicle equipment. The body is the part of the vehicle that accommodates passengers or goods, usually a closed space, and sometimes with an open top.

The structure of the body varies depending on the type of vehicle. Many loads on the vehicle act directly on the body, so the body must have sufficient strength and rigidity.

The body is supported by the running gear at the bottom and equipped with coupler and buffer devices at both ends. Indenfor, various equipment is arranged as needed. The running gear is the part of the vehicle that runs on the rails, consisting of wheel sets, axle box devices, springs and shock absorbers, the frame or side frame of the bogie, and other beams and rods.

In four-axle and above vehicles, these components are assembled into two bogies at the front and rear. Derfor, for these vehicles, the running gear is the bogie. The running gear should ensure the safety and balance of the vehicle’s operation.

The coupler and buffer device is the component on the vehicle that connects with other vehicles or locomotives and transmits and mitigates tensile and compressive forces during train operation and formation. It consists of couplers, buffers, og andre komponenter, installed in the traction beams at both ends of the vehicle underframe.

Bremsesystemet er det udstyr på køretøjet, der reducerer hastigheden eller standser toget under drift for at sikre sikker drift af toget. Den består af komponenter såsom hovedbremserøret, luftfordelingsventil, og bremsecylinder installeret under køretøjet, og den grundlæggende bremseanordning (bremsebjælke, bremsesko, osv.) monteret i understellet.

Leverandør

Luoyang Fonyo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, grundlagt i 1998, er en producent af jernbanestøbedele. Vores fabrik dækker et område på 72.600㎡, med mere end 300 medarbejdere, 32 teknikere, inklusive 5 senioringeniører, 11 assistentingeniører, og 16 teknikere. Vores produktionskapacitet er 30,000 tons om året. For tiden, vi producerer hovedsageligt støbning, bearbejdning, og montage til lokomotiv, jernbanevogn, højhastighedstog, mineudstyr, vindkraft, osv.
Vi er leverandør af jernbanedele til CRRC(inklusive mere end 20 filialselskaber og datterselskaber af CRRC), Gemac Engineering Machinery, Sanygroup, Citic Heavy Industries, osv. Vores produkter er blevet eksporteret til Rusland, USA, Tyskland, Argentina, Japan, Frankrig, Sydafrika, Italien og andre lande over hele verden.
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