1.Oversigt over et jernbanesporskifte

1.1 En sporskifter er en linjeforbindelsesenhed, der gør det muligt for lokomotiver og køretøjer at overføre fra et spor til et andet. Det er også et af de svage led i banen og lægges normalt i store mængder på stationer og rangerpladser. Med sporskifter, strækningens passeringskapacitet kan udnyttes fuldt ud. Selv på enkeltsporede jernbaner, ved at lægge sporskifter og bygge en krydslinje længere end toglængden, tog kan køre i modsatte retninger. Sporskifter spiller en vigtig rolle i jernbanestrækninger.

2.Karakteristika af jernbanesporskifteren

2.1 På grund af egenskaberne ved et stort antal, kompleks struktur, kort levetid, hastighedsbegrænsning for tog, lav sikkerhed under drift, og høje vedligeholdelsesomkostninger, sporskifter are regarded as one of the three weakest links in the track, along with curves and joints. There are three basic forms of rail track switches: connection, crossing, and the combination of connection and crossing. Common types of connection rail track switches include various types of single and double rail track switches; crossing types include vertical crossing and diamond crossing; and the combination of connection and crossing includes crossover and double crossover, osv.

2.2 Rail track switches are a large family, with the most common being the ordinary single rail track switch. It consists of three units: the switch, the connecting part, and the frog and guard rail. The switch includes the basic rail, the point rail, and the switch mechanism. When a locomotive or vehicle needs to transfer from track A to track B, omskiftermekanismen betjenes for at flytte punktskinnens position. Punkt skinne 1 er i tæt kontakt med basisskinne 1, og punktskinne 2 er adskilt fra grundskinne 2. På denne måde, spor B er åbnet, og spor A er lukket. Lokomotivet eller køretøjet går ind i forbindelsesdelen og går over langs styrekurveskinnen til frø- og autoværn-enheden. Denne enhed inkluderer det faste frøhjerte, vingeskinne, og autoværn, hvis funktion er at sikre sikker passage af hjulene gennem skæringspunktet mellem de to spor.

You may have noticed that there is a gap between the narrowest part of the wing rails and the tip of the heart. Dette er det skadelige rum i sporskiftet. Når hjulene passerer gennem dette område, de kan komme ind i den forkerte frøåbning og forårsage afsporing. The purpose of setting guard rails is to force the wheels to follow the correct direction. Imidlertid, the existence of this harmful space limits the speed of trains passing through the rail track switch, which is very unfavorable for high-speed train operation.

2.3The fundamental solution to the harmful space of rail track switches is, of course, to eliminate it. Since ordinary rail track switches cannot do this, special rail track switches – movable heart rail track switches – must be developed.

3.The Feature Of The Rail Track Switch

The most significant feature of movable heart rail track switches is that the frog heart rail can be moved. When we need to open a certain direction of the track, the movable heart rail of the frog heart rail is in close contact with the wing rail in the opening direction and separated from the other wing rail. På denne måde, the harmful space of the ordinary rail track switch does not exist. Practice has proved that eliminating the harmful space of the rail track switch makes the operation more stable, and the speed limit for passing through the rail track switch is smaller. Derfor, it is particularly suitable for lines with large traffic volume and the need to operate high-speed trains.

4. Classification Of The Rail Track Switch

Rail track switches are important equipment for track switching and are widely used on railway lines. Nu om dage, electro-hydraulic-controlled automatic rail track switches have replaced the outdated manual ones. Due to the large number of joints and complex curves in the rail track switch area, it is often a high-risk zone for train operation safety. Common types of rail track switches include single rail track switches, three-way rail track switches, crossover rail track switches, double crossover rail track switches, and connecting rail track switches etc. The structures of various rail track switches are shown in Figure 1.

4.1 A single rail track switch has a main line and a side line. The movement of the switch rail switches the rail track switch, and the switch machine controls the side line and main line switch. The single rail track switch is the most commonly used and typical type of rail track switch in the field.

4.2 A symmetrical sporskifte is a special type of single rail track switch. The entire rail track switch is symmetrical to the center line of the main line or the bisector of the frog angle. There is no distinction between the straight and side directions when a train passes through. When the switch rail lengths are the same, the angle formed by the switch rail’s working edge and the main line direction is approximately half that of a single rail track switch. When the radius of the guide curve is equal, the length of the symmetrical rail track switch is shorter than that of the single rail track switch. Under the same conditions, the radius of the guide curve of the symmetrical rail track switch is about twice that of the single rail track switch. When the radius and length of the curve remain unchanged, et mindre antal frøer kan bruges sammenlignet med sporskiftet med enkelt spor. Derfor, under betingelse af en fast sporskiftelængde, Brug af en symmetrisk sporskifte kan resultere i en større styrekurveradius, som kan øge sporskiftehastigheden. Under forudsætning af at opretholde den samme sporskiftehastighed, den symmetriske sporskifter kan forkorte sporskiftets længde, hvorved stationslængden forkortes og banens effektive længde øges. Disse egenskaber ved den symmetriske sporskifter gør den anvendelig i pukkelgårde, trekantede linjer, industrielle jernbanestrækninger og by-letbanestrækninger.

4.3 En tre-vejs sporskifte, også kendt som en sammensat asymmetrisk symmetrisk sporskifte, er en almindeligt anvendt type sammensat sporskifte. Det svarer til to enkelt sporskifter forbundet i den modsatte retning, men dens længde er meget kortere end summen af længderne af de to enkelt skinnesporskifter. Derfor, det bruges ofte i indflyvningslinjerne for jernbanefærger, pukkel rangerpladser, og områder med smalt terræn og særlige behov. En tre-vejs sporskifte består af et sæt skiftemaskiner, et sæt guidekurver, og et sæt forbindelseskurver. På grund af dets komplekse driftsforhold, det bør ikke bruges, medmindre det er nødvendigt.

4.4 En dobbelt crossover sporskifte svarer til to enkelt sporskifter lagt i modsatte retninger, at opnå krydsning af ikke-parallelle spor. Det har fordelene ved kort sporskiftelængde, flere skifteruter, og begge hovedløbsretninger er lige. Derfor, det kan redde jord, forbedre rangeringskapaciteten, og forbedre togdriftsforholdene. En dobbelt krydsende sporskifte består af en diamantkrydsning, skifte maskiner, og forbindende kurver.

Leverandør

Luoyang Fonyo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd,grundlagt i 1998, er en producent i jernbanestøbningsdele. Vores fabrik dækker et areal på 72.600㎡, med mere end 300 medarbejdere, 32 teknikere, inklusive 5 senioringeniører, 11 assistentingeniører, og 16 teknikere.Vores produktionskapacitet er 30,000 tons om året. For tiden, vi producerer hovedsageligt støbning, bearbejdning, og montage til lokomotiv, jernbanevogn, højhastighedstog, mineudstyr,vindkraft,osv.
Vi er leverandør af jernbanedele til CRRC(inklusive mere end 20 filialselskaber og datterselskaber af CRRC),Gemac Engineering Machinery,Sanygroup, Citic Heavy Industries,osv. Vores produkter er blevet eksporteret til Rusland, USA, Tyskland, Argentina, Japan, Frankrig, Sydafrika,Italien og andre lande over hele verden.